Metabolic effects of exercise on childhood obesity: a current view / Efeitos metabólicos do exercício físico na obesidade infantil: uma visão atual

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature concerning the effects of physical exercise on several metabolic variables related to childhood obesity. DATA SOURCE: A search was performed in Pubmed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. The keywords used were as follows: Obesity, Children Obesity, Childhood Obesity, Exercise and Physical Activity. The online search was based on studies published in English, from April 2010 to December 2013. DATA SYNTHESIS: Search queries returned 88,393 studies based on the aforementioned keywords; 4,561 studies were selected by crossing chosen keywords. After applying inclusion criteria, four studies were selected from 182 eligible titles. Most studies found that aerobic and resistance training improves body composition, lipid profile and metabolic and inflammatory status of obese children and adolescents; however, the magnitude of these effects is associated with the type, intensity and duration of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the type, physical exercise promotes positive adaptations to childhood obesity, mainly acting to restore cellular and cardiovascular homeostasis, to improve body composition, and to activate metabolism; therefore, physical exercise acts as a co-factor in fighting obesity. .

OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura atual a respeito dos efeitos do exercício físico sobre diferentes variáveis metabólicas da obesidade infantil. FONTES DE DADOS: A pesquisa foi feita nas bases de dados Pubmed e Web of Science. Os descritores usados foram: obesity, children obesity, childhood obesity, exercise e physical activity. A pesquisa eletrônica foi feita com base nos estudos publicados de abril de 2010 a dezembro de 2013, em idioma inglês. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O rastreamento dos estudos com os descritores encontrou 88.393. Após cruzamento entre os descritores, obtiveram-se 4.561. Desses, depois da análise dos títulos, foram cogitados 182 relevantes referências, submetidos então aos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, e totalizaram, no fim, 39. A maioria dos estudos relacionou a prática de exercícios físicos aeróbicos e resistidos à melhoria da composição corporal, à regulação do perfil lipídico e metabólico e ao estado inflamatório de crianças e adolescentes obesos. Entretanto, a magnitude dos efeitos está associada ao tipo, à intensidade e à duração da prática. CONCLUSÕES: O exercício físico, independentemente do tipo, mostra-se capaz de promover adaptações positivas sobre a obesidade infantil, principalmente por atuar na restauração da homeostase celular e sistema cardiovascular, na melhoria da composição corporal e também aumento da ativação metabólica. .

The challenge of overactive bladder therapy: alternative to antimuscarinic agents

Contemporary, the management of overactive bladder (OAB), a medical condition characterized by urgency, with or without urge urinary incontinence, frequency and nocturia, in absence of genitourinary pathologies or metabolic factors that could explain these symptoms, is complex, and a wide range of conservative treatments has been offered, including bladder training, biofeedback, behavioral changes, oral or intravesical anticholinergic agents, S3 sacral neuromodulation and peripheral electrical stimulation. Clinical efficacy of these treatments remains an open issue and several experimental and clinical studies were carried out in the last years improving the results of medical treatment.Here we review the pathophysiology of micturition reflex, the current therapies for OAB and the rationale for alternative treatments. Furthermore we critically address the potential use of medications targeting the central nervous system (CNS) and the primary sensory nerves of the bladder wall, we review the use of agonists of nociceptin/orphanin protein (NOP) receptor and finally we report the results obtained by intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin.

Opióides e receptores de membrana celular: revisäo atualizada / Opioids and cellular membran receptors: an up-to-date view

Revisão atualizada envolvendo os mecanismos de ação dos opióides a nível dos receptores de membrana celular e seus efeitos sobre o sistema de mensageiros intracelulares